with
Evaluates an expression in a given context
Description
Evaluates an expression, looking up objects in the expression in the given
environment, data.frame, or list. The original data may be modified.
Usage
with(data, expr, ...)
within(data, expr, ...)
Arguments
| data |
a list, data.frame, environment, or integer number.
|
| expr |
a literal expression. Do not wrap it in the expression function.
It should refer to elements of the data argument.
|
| ... |
other arguments are accepted but are currently ignored.
Future methods of with(), within() might use them.
|
Details
Function with is a wrapper for the eval function.
In the eval function, data is the envir= argument.
Function within is similar
but it will check environment and may modify the
original data after evaluation of expression.
Both with and within are generic.
Currently, there is no other method for with except for default method.
Two methods are implemented for class "data.frame"
and "list" of the within function.
Note that, there is no default method for within.
Value
| with | returns the value of the evaluated expression, where
the names in the expression are sought first in the data
object. If the data object is a list or a data.frame,
the current environment and its parents are also searched.
If the data object specifies an environment,
that environment and then the parents of that environment are searched. |
| within | returns a modified object like data. |
See Also
Examples
with(list(a=1,b=2), a+b)
# returns 3